Reacting to Rape: How to Support the Survivor in Your Life

I have a lot of experience with trauma. I have primary experience from being a survivor of multiple rapes (all different perpetrators but all known to me). I am a trained raped crisis counselor and have accompanied victims to the hospital to support them while they receive a forensic examination. I have worked as a victim advocate for juvenile victims of adult offenders. I have also been the supportive friend for those in my life who are also survivors. I have learned a lot. Here, I'd like to share some of that with you so that if a survivor ever chooses to disclose to you, you'll feel prepared to support them.

Common Reactions to Trauma

Different people react differently to trauma: There is no right or wrong way to react, but these are a few behaviors you may encounter.

Isolating vs. Socializing

After trauma, a survivor may crave alone time and step back from social situations. They may cancel plans and spend a lot of time in a place they feel safe, like their bedroom or home. In other cases, a survivor may seek out social interactions in an attempt to distract themselves from what they’re feeling. They may make lots of plans and always have friends over so that they don’t have to feel alone. Both reactions are OK - they're just different ways of coping.

Changes in Sexual Behavior

Reclaiming body autonomy can help a survivor feel in control again. This might manifest as a survivor having a lot of sexual encounters or completely withdrawing from sex. In the former instance, a survivor may be attempting to normalize their experience by having sex "on their terms." That was my response after my rape at age 13. I hooked up with partners indiscriminately because it made me feel like I was in control of my body and I could choose who touched it. I also devalued sex after my rape and didn’t feel any emotional connection to my partners. I’ve met other survivors who completely abstain from sexual contact because they cannot stand having someone touch them. Both of these reactions are totally normal. (You can read more on sex after trauma in Sex After Sexual Assault: How to Find Joy After Trauma.)

Losing or Gaining Weight

Another way to reclaim control over one’s body is to change one’s eating habits. Some survivors will cut down on their eating so severely that they develop an eating disorder, while others will "pad themselves" against the world by gaining weight. Researchers hypothesize that survivors may consciously or subconsciously choose to lose or gain weight in an attempt to make themselves less appealing to potential attackers.

Changes in Attitude

In her memoir, "After Silence: Rape and My Journey Back," Nancy Venable Raine describes her rape as a death. "[The anniversary of my rape] was more significant because it marked the death of the person I had been for 39 years … On October 11, 1985, she died. Another person was born that day."

To some, it may seem extreme to equate sexual assault to death, but speaking as a survivor, I think for some people this will ring true. I know it does for me. Everything I knew about life, relationships, trust and sex up to that point became irrelevant the instant he put his penis inside of me. I celebrate that date, March 3, 2000, every year because it is the day I survived.

It's why I got this tattoo on the 13th anniversary of my assault.

Check out more common reactions to trauma.

Supporting a Survivor

In the counseling field, there is a phenomenon called "vicarious trauma." It describes a condition where counselors who work with clients who have experienced trauma also begin to experience symptoms of trauma. It’s more colloquially known as "compassion fatigue." I’ve watched this happen to loved ones of survivors as well. If you’re going to be supporting a survivor, make sure you’re in the right head space to do it. If you’re not, it’s OK to say, "I don’t think I have the emotional bandwidth to process this with you right now. Would it be OK if I directed you to some other resources that are available to you?"

Whether or not you take on an active role of support, offering to help someone seek out other resources can be very useful.